[1] 我非常感谢英国赫尔大学 哲学 系的Brenda Almond教授、 中国 人民大学的焦国成教授、李萍副教授对本文的指导。
[2] James Rachels， The Elements of Moral Philosophy, Singapore, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1999, p. 189.
[3] Brenda Almond, Exploring Ethics: A Traveller’s Tale, Oxford, Blackwell, 1998, p. 110.
[4] William Frankena, Ethics, New Jersey, Englewood Cliffs, 1973, pp. 65-7.
[5] John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press, 1971, p. 192.
[6] A. C. Graham, Disputers of the Tao, Open Court, 1989. p. 13.
[7]A. S. Cua, ‘Basic Concepts of Confucian Ethics,’ in Cua, Moral Vision and Tradition: Essays in Chinese Ethics, The Catholic University of American Press，1998.
[8] D.C. Lau, Confucius: The Analects, Hong Kong, The Chinese University Press, 1982, p. ix.
[9] 同上。
[10]Sandra A. Wawrytko, ‘Confucius and Kant: The Ethics of Respect,’ Philosophy East & West 32, No. 3, 1982.
[11] 《中庸》。
[12] 《论语·卫灵公》。
[13] 《孟子·尽心上》。
[14] Jacques Maritain, Moral Philosophy: An historical and critical survey of the great systems, London, Geoffrey Bles, 1964, p. 36 and p. 50.
[15] 同上, p.87.
[16]G.E.M. Anscombe, ‘Modern Moral Philosophy,’ Philosophy 33, 1958, pp. 1-19.
[17] 牟宗三, 《中西哲学之会通十四讲》，上海古籍出版社1997年，p. 39.
[18] 引自 H. J. Paton 编译的 The Moral Law: Kant’s Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals, London, Hutchinson Library, 1948, p. 118.
[19] 《论语·为政》。
[20] 关于这一观点的详细阐释，参见万俊人：《比照与透析》，广东人民出版社1998年。
[21] 同上。
The Unity of Rule and Virtue：a critique of a supposed parallel between Confucian ethics and virtue ethics
Abstract: Some western philosophers argue that throughout its long history, Confucian ethics has stressed character formation or personal cultivation of virtues. Thus it is appropriate to characterize Confucian ethics as a virtue ethics. However , it is not correct to label Confucian ethics as a virtue ethics basing on these similarities. On the contrary, it is better to conceive Confucian ethics as an ethics in which rule and virtue are united. This will help us not only to see its distinctive way of understanding morality, but also to understand the contribution that this distinctive way of understanding morality might make to contemporary western moral philosophy in constructing a more developed moral theory.
Key Words: Confucian Ethics, Virtue Ethics, Rule Ethics