民主主权：政治理论中主权概念之演变与主权理论新取向

注 释

    <注1> 有关主权概念在欧洲封建时期的 发展 请参见 F. H. Hinsley, SoverEignty ( New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1966), pp. 27-44.

    <注2>Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of SoverEIgnty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (Hants, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited, 1992), p. 12 论文联盟www.LWLM.com编辑。

    <注3> John Gerard Ruggie, "Continuity and Transformation in the World Polity: Toward a Neo-Realist Synthesis," World Politics, 35 ( January 1983), pp. 261-285.

    <注4> Camilleri and Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit., p. 14.

    <注5> Bernard Crick, "Sovereignty," in The International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, Vol. 14, David L. Sills, ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1968), p.77.

    <注6> 参见Bertrand de Jouvenel, Sovereignty: An Imquiry into the Political Good, Translated by J. F. Huntington (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1957) pp. 169-185.

    <注7> 有关黑格尔对于国际关系和国际法的讨论，请参见 Howard Williams, International Relations in Political Theory ( Philadelphia: Open University Press, 1992), pp. 92-104.

    <注8> Jean Bodin, On Sovereignty: Four Chapters from The Six Books of a Commonwealth, trans, Julian H. Franklin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), p. 3.

    <注9> George H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory, 3rd Edition ( New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1961), p. 406.

    <注10> Bodin, On Sovereignty, op. cit., pp. 3-10.

    <注11> Ibid., p.13.

    <注12> Sabine, History of Political Theory, op. cit., p. 408

    <注13> Hinsley, Sovereignty, op. cit., pp. 122-3.

    <注14> 关于这些 问题 的进一步讨论请参见 Sabine, History of Political Theory, op. cit. 10, pp. 407-11; Julian H. Frankin, Jean Bodin and the Rise of Absolutist Theory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), pp. 70-92.

    <注15> Hinsley, Sovereignty, op. cit., pp. 179-84.

    <注16> Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1958), p. 106.

    <注17> Ibid., p. 107.

    <注18> Leo Strauss and Joseph Cropsey, eds., History of Political Philosophy, 3rd edition (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1987), p. 401.

    <注19> Hobbes, Leviathan, op. cit., p. 142.

    <注20> Strauss and Cropsey, eds., History of Political Philosophy, op. cit., p. 404.

    <注21> 钱永祥，「伟大的界定者：霍布斯绝对主权论的一个新的解释」，人文及 社会 科学 集刊，第五卷第一期(民八一年十一月)，页八七至一二七。

    <注22> Hobbes, Leviathan, op. cit., p. 145.

    <注23> Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Avon Books, 1992), p. 154.

    <注24> Charles R. Beitz, Political Theory and International Relations (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1979), p. 31.

    <注25> Hobbes, Leviathan, op. cit., p. 202.

    <注26> Julie Mostov, Power, Process, and Popular Sovereignty ( Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992), p. 7.

    <注27> See Joseph Losco and Leonard Williams, Political Theory: Classic Writings, Contemporary Views (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992) , pp. 275 - 326; Strauss and Cropsey, eds., History of Political Philosophy, op. cit., pp. 476-5512; and Sabine, History of Political Theory, op. cit., pp. 523-540.

    <注28> John Locke, Second Treaties of Government (Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc., 1980), p. 51.

    <注29> Ibid., p. 72.

    <注30> Ibid., p. 111.

    <注31> 洛克定义「 政治 权力」为「一种制订 法律 的权力，包括死刑的惩罚以及其它 为规范和保护财产的惩罚；一种运用强制力去执行法律的权力；一种保护国家 ，避免被外国侵害的权力；以及一种为达成社会公益的权力。」Ibid., p. 38.<注32> 外交权包括宣战和签订条约等权力。 Ibid., pp. 75-77.

    <注33> Ibid., p. 86.

    <注34> Ibid., p. 52.

    <注35> Ibid., p. 71.

    <注36> Julian H. Franklin, John Locke and the Theory of Sovereignty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 93.

    <注37> Ibid., p. 123.

    <注38> John Locke, Second Treaties of Government, op. cit., pp. 107- 110.

    <注39> Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract, trans. by Donald A. Cress (Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company, 1987), Book I, ch. VI, p. 148.

    <注40> Ibid.

    <注41> Ibid., Book III, ch. XIII, p. 196.

    <注42> Ibid., Book I, ch. VII, p. 150.

    <注43> Ibid., Book III, ch. I, p. 173.

    <注44> Ibid., ch. XIV, p. 197.

    <注45> Mostov, Power, Process, and Popular Sovereignty, op. cit., p. 51.

    <注46> Hinsley, Sovereignty, op. cit., p. 153.

    <注47> Rousseau, Social Contract, op. cit., Book III, ch. XV, p. 198.

    <注48> 参见 Johannes Mattern, Concepts of State, Sovereignty and International Law (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1928), p. 19.

    <注49> F. H. Hinsley, "The Concept of Sovereignty and the Relations Between States," Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1967), pp. 242-252, at pp. 243-44.

    <注50> See Anne F. Bayefsky, "Parliamentary Sovereignty and Human Rights in Canada: The Promise of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms," Political Studies, Vol. XXXI (1983), pp. 239-263.

    <注51> See W. H. Greenleaf, The British Political Tradition, Volume One (London: Methuen & Co., 1983), pp. 195-200.

    <注52> A. V. Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution, 10th edn. (London: Macmillan and Co., 1959), pp. 39-40.

    <注53> Ibid., pp. 87-91.

    <注54> See J. D. van der Vyver, "Sovereignty and Human Rights in Constitutional and International Law," Emory International Law Review, Vol.5 (1991), pp.321-443, at p. 357.

    <注55> Ibid., pp. 358-360.

    <注56> Ian Loveland, "Redefining Parliamentary Sovereignty? A New Perspective on the Search for the Meaning of Law," Parliamentary Affairs, Vol. 46 (July 1993), pp. 319- 332, at pp. 326-329.

    <注57> Edmund S. Morgan, Inventing the People: The Rise of Popular Sovereignty in England and American (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1988), p. 120.

    <注58> 中文引自陈毓钧，美国民主的解析 (台北：允晨出版社，民八三年)，页 一０八至一０九。

    <注59> Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers (New York: Mentor, 1961), no. 39.

    <注60> Herbert J. Storing, ed., The Complete Anti-Federalist, 3:182- 83. quoted in Michael Kammen, Sovereignty and Liberty: Constitutional Discourse in American Culture (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1988), p. 24.

    <注61> Mostov, Power, Process, and Popular Sovereignty, op. cit., p. 67.

    <注62> 陈毓钧，美国民主的解析，前引书，页一一三至一一五。

    <注63> Vyver, "Sovereignty and Human Rights in Constitutional and International Law," op. cit., p. 376.

    <注64> United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1, 78-79 (1936) (Stone, C.J. dissentie, C.J. dissenting), See Ibid., pp. 376-377.

    <注65> J. L. Talmon, The Origins of Totalitarian Democracy (New York: Praeger, 1960), p. 26.

    <注66> Mostov, Power, Process, and Popular Sovereignty, op. cit., p. 70.

    <注67> Ibid., p. 11.

    <注68> Ibid., p. 10.

    <注69> Janice E. Thomson 认为在国际关系层面，主权概念较为偏重于承认 （recognition）、国家（state）、权威（authority）、强制力（coercion）和领域 （territory）等面向。她认为主权是其它国家 所赋予一政治实体的国家属性，而 基于主权原则，国家在非政治性议题具有领域性管辖权威。参阅Janice E. Thomson, "State Sovereignty in International Relations: Bridging the Gap Between Teory and Empirical Research," International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 39 (1995), pp. 213-233.

    <注70> See Helmut Steinberger, "Sovereignty," in Encyclopeida of International Law, Rudolf L. Bindschedler et al eds. (Amsterdam: North- Holland Publishing and Company, 1987), pp. 397-418, at pp. 403-404.

    <注71> F. H. Hinsley, Sovereignty (New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1966) , p. 158.

    <注72> Helmut Steinberger, "Sovereignty," in Encyclopedia of International Law, op. cit., p. 404.

    <注73> James Crawford, The Creation of States in International Law ( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1979), p. 71.

    <注74> Ibid., p. 27.

    <注75> See Georg Schwarzenberger, "The Forms of Sovereignty," in Defense of Sovereignty, W. J. Stankiewicz, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), pp. 160-196; see also Robert H. Jackson, Quasi- State: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World ( Cambridge: Cambridge Uuniversity Press, 1990), pp. 26-31.

    <注76> See Isaiah Berlin, "Two Concepts of Liberty," in his Four Essays on Liberty, ch. 3 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969).

    <注77> Jackson, Quasi-State: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World, op. cit., pp. 27-29.

    <注78> Emerich de Vattel, Le Droit des gens, Quaestiones, Ad lectorem, quoted from Brierly, J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations, 5th Edition (Oxford: The Clarendon Press, 1955), p. 37.

    <注79> See Antonio Cassese, International Law in a Divided World ( Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986), pp. 144-145.; see also Caroline Thomas, New States, Sovereignty and Intervention (London: Gower, 1985), pp. 1-9.

    <注80> Martti Koskenniemi, From Apology to Utopia: The Structure of International Legal Argument (Helsinki: Finnish Lawyers' Publishing Company, 1989), p. 209.

    <注81> Louis Henkin, "International Law: Politics, Values and Functions," Recueil des Cours, 1989-IV, pp. 9-416, at. pp. 24-25; see also Louis Henkin, "The Mythology of Sovereignty," Presidential Notes, American Society of International Law Newsletter (February - March 1993).

    <注82> Hedley Bull, The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), pp. 8-19.

    <注83> Joseph A. Camilleri and Jim Falk, The End of Sovereignty: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World, op. cit., p. 35.

    <注84> Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Law Man (New York: Avon Books, 1992), p. xiii.

    <注85> Thomas Franck, "The Emerging Right to Democratic Governance," American Journal of International Law, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Jan. 1992), pp. 46-91.

    <注86> Gregory H. Fox, "The Right to Political Participation in International Law," Yale Journal of International Law, Vol. 17 (1992), pp. 539-607.

    <注87> See T. L. Friedman, "Russia Asks Baker for a Recognition of Independence," New York Times, December 16, 1991, A1; and J. Tagliabue, "European Ties for Slovenia and Croatia," New York Times, December 17, 1991, A3.

    <注88> Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (1942; reprint, London: Allen and Unwin, 1976), p. 260. 引自 Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization: Process and Prospects in a Changing World ( Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), p. 10.

    <注89> 戴维赫尔德，民主的模式（Models of Democracy），李少军、尚新建译（台北： 桂冠，民八四年），页三二五。

    <注90> 同前书，页三三七至三四三。

    <注91> Robert A. Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), p. 3

    <注92>参见 Georg Sorensen, Democracy and Democratization: Process and Prospects in a Changing World (Boulder: Westview Press, 1993), pp. 12-13; Philippe C. Schmitter and Terry Lynn Karl, "What Democracy Is ... and Is Not," in Larry Diamond and Marc F. Plattner, eds., The Global Resurgence of Democracy (Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1993), pp. 39-52.

    <注93> Alan James, Sovereign Statehood: The Basis of International Society, op. cit., p. 25.<注94>See John Ralws, A Theory of Justice ( Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 83-90.

    <注95>Julie Mostov, Power, Process, and Popular Sovereignty, op. cit. , p. 10.

    <注96>J. E. S. Fawcett, The Law of Nations (New York: Basic Books Inc., 1968), p. 33.

    <注97>"Island of Palmas Case," United Nations, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, Vol. 2 (1949), p. 838.

    <注98> Nkambo Mugerwa, "Subjects of International Law," in Manual of Public International Law, Max Sorenson, ed. (New York: St.Martin's Press, 1968), p. 253.

    <注99> Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, I.C.J. Rep. 1949, p. 174.

    <注100> Rebecca M.M. Wallace, International Law (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1992), p.58.

    <注101> J. L. Brierly, The Law of Nations , op. cit., p. 137.

    <注102> 参阅M. J. Peterson, "Political Use of Recognition: The Influence of the International System," World Politics, Vol. 34, No. 3, 1982, pp. 324-352.
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